Water is a very simple substance from the point of view of chemistry. Two hydrogen molecules are attached to one oxygen molecule. Water is in various states of aggregation: gaseous - steam, solid - ice and in the ground state under normal environmental conditions - liquid. It tends to take on a solid state during hypothermia, and its density becomes less than in the usual state, otherwise all reservoirs would freeze from the bottom to the surface. So, about how to turn water into a solid state.
It is necessary
- water;
- Freezer container, such as a plastic bottle
- refrigerator.
Instructions
Step 1
Take a glass container, such as a mug, and fill it with water.
Step 2
It must be placed in an environment with temperatures below zero degrees Celsius. This can be a freezer compartment of a refrigeration unit or, in a frosty season, put it behind a window on a windowsill. Depending on the amount of water poured into the container and the strength of the frost, the water may take from one to several hours to completely freeze. Freezing can be accelerated by pouring hot, rather than cold, water. This is a well-known fact from the field of physical experiments, established in 1963.
Step 3
There is another way to freeze water, in which it literally turns into a solid state in a matter of seconds, that is, almost instantly. Since water can have a metastable state, this allows it to be brought to temperatures at which it theoretically should have frozen long ago, for example, at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius in an environment with normal atmospheric pressure. This state of water is called supercooled and exists due to the absence of crystallization centers in it and the absence of mechanical influences such as shakes, shocks, and the like.
Step 4
In order to bring the water to this state, take very clean water, you can even filter it. Pour it into a smooth-walled container, such as a clean plastic bottle, and place it in the refrigerator for a few hours to bring the liquid to a temperature close to zero Celsius. Usually the temperature in the refrigerator can be lowered to + 4 ° C.
Step 5
Take the bottle out of the refrigerator and place it in the freezer or freezer, leaving it there for 3-4 hours. The peculiarity is that the temperature is not lower than -41 degrees Celsius. Otherwise, supercooled water will freeze before "magical actions" are performed with it to instantly transform into ice.
Step 6
Carefully remove the bottle from the frost and lightly hit the bottom of the bottle with your palm or with a stylized "magic" stick. The water will begin to crystallize very quickly, causing the amazement of impressionable observers.
